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MALES vs FEMALES (page 214)
In classical Greek and Latin, sex is the division of humans by their function in producing and providing subsentence to offspring.
"Males and females not only behave differently in terms of sex, they are evolutionarily programmed to do so" (Oxford News Blog, 2021)
"INTERSEX" (pages 214-216)
(8 min)
SEXUAL ORIENTATION (pages 216-218)
(5 min)
BONUS: Theories of what causes homosexuality include:
(1) Epigenic-marks
- Sex-specific epigenic-marks (epi-marks) originate from embryonic stem cells and they vary in strength.
- Epi-marks are temporary switches that regulate gene expression.
- They are produced early in fetal development to protect the fetus from large natural variations in testosterone exposure in the womb.
- However, when they carry over to opposite-sex offspring (father to a daughter or mother to a son), it can cause the masculinization of females or the feminization of males (Rice et al, 2012, 2013)
- Pictured is an 8-week old fetus.
(2) Steroid surges from the mother
- Pictured is a depiction of a fetus during the 2nd trimester.
- During the intrauterine period in the second half of pregnancy, there may or may not be maternal surges of steroids, particularly testosterone and its metabolites, on the fetal brain.
- If there are steroid surges, the brain develops masculine; if there are not steroid surges, the brain develops feminine.
- If it is a male fetus, there are usually surges. If there are not, then the male may later present with feminine and/or homosexual characteristics.
- If it is a female fetus, there are usually not surges. If there are, then the female may later present with masculine and/or lesbian characteristics.
- The steroid surges, or lack thereof (and perhaps the epi-marks), can also impact the sex-typical behaviors including playmates, toy preferences and athletics (Hines, 2012).
- This is why some men who are homosexual were perceived to be "girly boys" when they were young. (Note: Not all girly boys are gay when they mature into adults.)
- And, why some women who are lesbian were perceived to be "tomboys" when they were young. (Note: Not all tomboys are lesbians when they mature into adults.)
WHAT IF YOUR PATIENT'S BELIEF IS DIFFERENT FROM YOURS?
IS IT OKAY TO PRAY WITH PATIENTS?
Brian Schwartz, MD and Pastor Mark Finley (9 min)
SPIRITUAL WELLNESS
(2 min)
WHY ARE SOME PATIENTS ATHEISTS?
Richard Dawkins, PhD (9 min)
BONUS CASE: Madeline
You are employed as a PT in an outpatient clinic. During the first session with your new patient Madeline, she confides in you that immediately prior to her surgery her orthopedic surgeon (Dr Graham) asked if they could pray for a moment. She reports she nodded and then pretended to pray because she felt vulnerable "in a hospital gown on the operating table" and was concerned he wouldn't "do as good of a job" if she said no. She openly shares with you she is an atheist and had considered reporting Dr. Graham to the AMA, but then decided against it. However, she asks you to recommend another orthopedist because she does not want to return to Dr. Graham. What do you do and say?
Author: Dr. LaTasha Blanton
LaTasha Blanton, a Doctor of Physical Therapy since 2004, has owned and operated multiple private outpatient facilities since 2009. In 2019, she sold her practices and started a travel and tourism company that allows her to live full time in South Africa. To keep up her skills as a physical therapist, she started a virtual physical therapy practice.
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN MEDICINE
(10 min)
CASE 8-4.2. MRS. DELAND AND HER FAMILY (page 228)
Describe how you would interact with Mrs. Deland and her family to achieve a positive, yet realistic outcome.
